We conduct comprehensive technical reviews for wind and solar energy projects, ensuring compliance with regulatory standards, verifying energy production forecasts, and assessing operational reliability. Our evaluations cover site conditions, equipment performance, contracts, and construction progress, providing investors with confidence, minimizing risk, and enhancing long-term project bankability.
Wind Power Plants
A comprehensive technical due diligence provides lenders and investors with confidence that a wind farm project is both technically sound and financially viable. It ensures compliance with statutory and regulatory requirements, confirms the accuracy of energy yield forecasts, and validates the operational reliability of turbines and supporting infrastructure. At the same time, it assesses the robustness of contractual frameworks for supply and long-term operations, while verifying that the overall plant design meets industry standards and best practices. This rigorous process significantly reduces investment risk, enables more accurate financial modeling, and ultimately strengthens the bankability of the project by demonstrating its capacity to deliver reliable performance and sustainable returns. The scope of the work is summarized below.
Providing a comprehensive overview of the project’s physical setting, statutory compliance, and electrical-infrastructure readiness. It begins with the site layout and detailed terrain analyses before reviewing all approved base maps, zoning plans, land-acquisition files, and construction permits. The chapter then turns to grid-related matters, including the Grid Connection and System Usage Agreements, single-line diagrams for the HV, MV, and LV networks, and the suitability of existing HV/MV equipment and overhead-line capacity for any future expansion. Supporting electrical studies such as short-circuit, cable, switchgear, and protection-relay calculations are summarized, along with land-acquisition and hybrid-capacity increase considerations for potential add-ons. Operational safeguards are also addressed through an appraisal of the current security-camera system, road-sharing protocols with neighboring WPPs, and any overhead-line contracts with the system operator. Finally, the section captures environmental and statutory constraints by reviewing ecosystem-evaluation reports and forest-authority requirements, including fire-fighting resources and dedicated monitoring systems.
Standards: IEC 61936-1:2021, IEC 61400-25 series, ENTSO-E Network Code Requirements for Generators (RfG), IEEE 1547, ISO 45001:2018, IEC 61936-1, ISO 14001:2015, IEC 61400-1:2019, IFC Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Wind Energy, ISO 9001:2015, IEC 61400-22
Evaluating both the site’s wind resource and the annual energy output of the operating WPP. The analysis draws on 10-minute SCADA records and the virtual wind field produced by Vortex; these datasets undergo rigorous quality checks and reconstruction to create a reliable analytical baseline. Using the validated data, USENS benchmarks actual versus contractual power-curve performance, quantify energy losses, and estimate the turbines’ remaining design life. The study also investigates strategic upgrade options including hybrid solar integration, incremental capacity additions, and full or partial repowering to project energy yields for future configurations and assess the long-term performance of the existing turbines.
Standards: IEC61400-1:2019, IEC61400-12-5:2022, IEC61400-26-1:2019, IEC61400-12-4:2020, IEC 61400-50 series, FGW TG5, FGW TG6, FGW TG10, MEASNET Procedure v3, IEC61400-15-1, ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008
Verifying the WPP’s operational soundness, reliability, and maintainability from both contractual and technical perspectives. The study reviews, wherever available, turbine-supply and O&M agreements, performance-review dossiers, incident logs, maintenance records, metering and fault data, and OEM service reports to gauge how closely day-to-day operation aligns with contractual guarantees and industry best practice. It will also examine evidence of component replacements, liquidated-damage or bonus settlements, substation and switchgear compatibility, spare-parts strategies, and previous technical upgrades to assess long-term asset integrity and expansion readiness. Organizational roles, access controls, inspection findings, blade-condition surveys, lightning-protection and fire-safety systems, as well as SCADA connectivity and historical data retention, will be evaluated to determine whether current risk-mitigation and monitoring measures are adequate for sustained, reliable performance.
Standards: ISO 20816-21:2025, ISO/DIS 16079-1, IEC 61400-26-1, IEC 61400-12 series, FGW TG2, FGW TG6, MEASNET Procedure v5
The turbine supply and O&M agreements are subjected to a detailed review covering the validity period, warranty provisions, liability exclusions, performance guarantees, and termination clauses to ensure alignment with industry practice and investor expectations. The assessment considers the scope and duration of warranty coverage, the clarity of liability carve-outs, and the robustness of liquidated damages and bonus mechanisms tied to availability and performance. Particular attention is devoted to evaluating the enforceability of long-term service commitments under the active EPK framework, including renewal options, escalation formulas, and termination rights. The review also examines the extent to which obligations regarding spare-parts management, response times, and reporting protocols are clearly defined and whether risk allocation between the OEM and the operator adequately protects the project’s long-term operational integrity.
Standards: ISO 10845-1, FIDIC Contracts
An examination of the characteristics and design information of wind turbine generators is presented. The assessment is based on project-specific documentation and other relevant technical files.
The primary objective is to assess the documented conformity of the turbine’s main components against internationally recognized standards, primarily the IEC 61400 series, as well as relevant EN and ISO standards. The review summarizes technical specifications, evaluates evidence of conformity from available documentation (Type Certificates, MTCs, inspection reports, type test summaries), and identifies any significant documentation gaps that hinder full verification.
Standards: IEC 61400-1, IEC 61400-4, IEC 61400-5, IEC 61400-6, IEC 61400-24, IEC 61400-25
It is important for both investors and financial institutions to ensure the reliability of the financial model by confirming that project cost estimates are realistic and in line with market conditions, and to guarantee timely and budget-compliant delivery for financial closure and commercial operation by providing lenders with transparent, timely reporting on project implementation.
The financial health and physical progress of the wind energy project are monitored and verified throughout the project lifecycle. The project’s time and budget status is reported independently to lenders and investors.
The service includes verification of the CAPEX and OPEX assumptions used in the financial model (broken down by main packages such as turbines, BOP, electricity, infrastructure, etc.). These costs are compared with reference costs from recent similar projects to assess whether they are reasonable. Contingency levels, escalation assumptions and currency risk exposure are also reviewed. Additionally, main supplier offers and payment schedules are verified.
During the construction phase, physical progress is independently monitored against the project schedule and budget. Milestone completion certificates are verified prior to credit payments. Construction quality, major equipment deliveries, and commissioning progress are reviewed. Monthly reporting is conducted on completion costs, programme deviations, and risk items affecting the commercial operation date (COD).
Standards: IFC Performance Standards & EHS Guidelines (General + Wind Energy), FIDIC Conditions of Contract (Red/Yellow/Silver Book), IEC 62446-1, IEC 62446-2, EN 1991, EN 1993, EN 1997
A comprehensive technical review ensures that a solar energy project is technically sound and financially viable. It verifies legal compliance, energy production forecasts, and operational reliability, while assessing procurement, O&M agreements, and design standards, reducing investment risk and strengthening project bankability.The scope of the work is summarised below.
A comprehensive overview of the project’s physical conditions, legal compliance, and electrical infrastructure readiness is provided. This section begins with site layout and terrain slope, reviewing all approved base maps, zoning plans, land acquisition files, and construction permits. It then addresses grid connection and usage agreements, single-line diagrams for HV, MV, and LV grids, and the suitability of existing HV/MV equipment and overhead line capacity for potential expansions. Supporting electrical works such as short-circuit, cable, switchgear and protection relay calculations are summarised, and potential additions are evaluated in terms of land acquisition and hybrid capacity increase. Operational security is addressed through the status of the existing security camera system, perimeter fencing and access routes, as well as potential overhead line contracts with the system operator. Finally, environmental and legal constraints are identified by reviewing ecosystem assessment reports and environmental authority requirements, including firefighting resources and special monitoring systems.
Standards: IEC 61936-1:2021, ENTSO-E Network Code Requirements for Generators (RfG), IEEE 1547, ISO 45001:2018, IEC 61936-1, ISO 14001:2015, IEC 62548, IEC 61215-1, IFC EHS Guidelines for Solar Power Projects, IEC 62446-1, IEC 61730
The solar resource of the site and the annual energy production of the solar power plant are evaluated. The analysis is based on solar radiation data obtained from measurement stations, satellite-based irradiance datasets, and simulation software such as PVsyst; these datasets undergo rigorous quality control and are restructured to form a reliable analytical basis. Using verified data, actual production values are compared with simulation results, and losses are quantified. Furthermore, strategic upgrade alternatives such as hybrid wind integration, capacity increases, or panel replacement (repowering) options are examined to project energy production for future configurations and evaluate the long-term performance of the existing facility.
Standards: ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, IEC 62548, IEC 61215-1, IEC 61724-1:2021, IEC 61724-3, IEC 62446-1:2023, IEC 61853 Series
Verification of the operational robustness, reliability and sustainable maintenance capability of the PV system from both a contractual and technical perspective. Where available, the study examines panel and inverter supply contracts, maintenance contracts, performance review files, fault records, maintenance reports, measurement and SCADA data, and manufacturer service reports to assess the extent to which daily operations comply with contractual guarantees and industry best practices. Furthermore, evidence of equipment replacements, indemnity or premium payments, substation and switchgear compatibility, spare parts strategies, and previous technical improvements are addressed to analyse long-term asset integrity and readiness for expansion. Organisational roles, access controls, audit findings, panel surface condition surveys, fire safety systems with SCADA connection, and historical data storage practices are also evaluated to determine the adequacy of existing risk mitigation and monitoring measures for continuous, reliable performance.
Standards: IEC 62941, IEC 61215-2, IEC 61724-1, IEC 61724-2, IEC 61724-3, IEC 61853-1/-2, IEC 61853-3/-4, IEC 62670-1, IEC 62738
Panel, Inverter and Carrier System Supply, Operation and Maintenance Contracts are examined in detail in terms of validity period, warranty provisions, liability exemptions, performance guarantees and termination clauses. This review covers issues such as the adequacy of the warranty scope and duration, the clarity of liability exemptions, the robustness of penalty clauses and premium mechanisms defined based on production and performance. In particular, the feasibility of long-term service commitments under existing contracts is assessed in detail, taking into account renewal options, price increase formulas and termination rights. Furthermore, the extent to which obligations relating to spare parts management, response times, and reporting protocols are clearly defined, and whether the risk distribution between the manufacturer and the operator sufficiently protects the long-term operational integrity of the project, are also examined.
Standards: ISO 10845-1, FIDIC Contracts
An examination of the characteristics and design information of the solar power plant equipment (panels, inverters, transformer station and auxiliary equipment) is presented. The assessment is based on project-specific documentation and other relevant technical files.
The primary objective is to assess the documented suitability of the equipment against solar energy-focused international standards, primarily IEC 61215, IEC 61730, IEC 62109, and related EN and ISO standards. The review summarises the technical specifications, evaluates the evidence of compliance from the available documentation (Type Certificates, test reports, quality certificates, factory inspection reports) and identifies significant documentation gaps that prevent full validation.
Standards: IEC 62548, IEC 62109-1/-2, IEC 61215-1/-2, EN 1991 / EN 1993 / EN 1999 (Eurocodes), IEC 62817, IEC 62305, IEC 61643-32, IEC 61850-7-420
It is important for both investors and financial institutions to ensure the reliability of the financial model by confirming that project cost estimates are realistic and in line with market conditions, and to guarantee timely and budget-compliant delivery for financial closure and commercial operation by providing lenders with transparent, timely reporting on project implementation.
Both the financial health and physical progress of the solar energy project are monitored and verified throughout the project life cycle. The project’s time and budget status is reported independently to lenders and investors.
The service includes verification of the CAPEX and OPEX assumptions used in the financial model (broken down by main packages such as panels, inverters, BOP, electricity, infrastructure, etc.). These costs are compared with reference costs from recent similar projects to assess whether they are reasonable. Contingency levels, escalation assumptions, and currency risk exposure are also reviewed. In addition, main supplier offers and payment schedules are verified.
During the construction phase, physical progress is independently monitored against the project schedule and budget. Milestone completion certificates are verified prior to credit payments. Construction quality, major equipment deliveries and commissioning progress are reviewed. Monthly reporting is conducted on completion costs, programme deviations and risk items affecting the commercial operation date (COD).
Standards: IFC Performance Standards & EHS Guidelines (General + Solar Energy), FIDIC Conditions of Contract (Red/Yellow Book), IEC 62446-1, IEC 62446-2, EN 1990, EN 1991